Subnet Design

There are four key questions that must be answered before any design
should be undertaken:
1) How many total subnets does the organization need today?
2) How many total subnets will the organization need in the future?
3) How many hosts are there on the organization's largest subnet today?
4) How many hosts will there be on the organization's largest subnet in the future?

At first take the maximum number of subnets required and round up to the nearest power of two. For example, if an organization needs 9 subnets,2^3 (or 8) will not provide enough subnet addressing space, so the network administrator will need to round up to 2^4 (or 16). When performing this assessment, it is vital that the network administrator always allow sufficient room for future growth. For example, if 14 subnets are required today, then 16 subnets might not be as much as necessary in two years when the 17th subnet needs to be installed. In this case, it is wise to keep space for further growth and select 2^5 (or 32) as the maximum number of subnets.

Secondly ensure that there are enough space host addresses for the organization's largest subnet. If the largest subnet needs to support 50 host addresses today, 2^5 (or 32) will not provide sufficient host address space so the network administrator will need to level up to 2^6 (or 64).

Finally ensure that the organization's address allocation provides enough bits to deploy the required subnet addressing plan. For example, if the organization has a single /16, it could easily deploy 4-bits for the subnet-number and 6-bits for the host number. However, if the organization has several /24s and it needs to deploy 9 subnets, it may be required to subnet each of its /24s into four subnets (using 2 bits) and then build the internet by combining the subnets of 3 different /24 network numbers. An alternative solution, would be to deploy network numbers from the private address space (RFC1918) for internal connectivity and use a Network Address Translator (NAT) to provide external Internet access. For example read the post Example of subnetting  with extended-network-prefix.